Ancient Peruvian Ceramics Essays - Andean Civilizations, Cupisnique

Ancient Peruvian Ceramics The first pottery pieces found in Peru were made somewhere between 1500 and 1000 b.p. The pieces were found in the central Andean region where a religious cult lived. This cult was called Chav?n, after the best known ceremonial center, Chav?n de Hu?ntar. The religious center was the home to massive temples that were highly embellished with low relief sculptures of gods, animals, and symbols. The pottery found in the area where vessels that were well made and highly decorated with a similar motif as the temples. But the evolution of Peruvian pottery becomes somewhat confusing and complex after this first civilization of potters. There is a division of people into the North Coast and the South Coast. The split created two styles of pottery, although similar, they never quite merge. I am only going to talk about the north coast traditions. On the North coast there are five cultures that evolve into the dominant Mochica style, which was one of the most vigorous and prosperous cultures of Ancient Peru. The next earliest North Coast style, other than the Chav?n, started with the Cupisnique people in the Chicama valley. Their ceramics "closely resembled those of highland Chav?n. They were well made and polished, though somewhat thick walled and heavy. The type of firing used produced a dark semireduced ware that varied from brownish gray to carbon black in color. Decoration consisted of bold, curvilinear human, feline, and birds of pray heads, eye patterns, pelt markings, and other brief symbols of geometric devices." In the valley to the south of the Cupisnique were the Salinar people who sometime during the fifth century b.p. moved into the north coast of Peru and spread its influence throughout the Cupisnique area. Salinar pottery, "though deceptively primitive in ornamentation, was technologically superior to that of the Cupisnique. Vessels were made of well-prepared clays that were fully oxidized in firing, making them an even orange color. Cream and red slips were used to accentuate sculptural forms and create flat geometric patterns, but not to draw figurative motifs. The technical advances of the controlled oxidation firing and slip decoration soon had their effect on contemporary Cupisnique ceramics." Personally, I enjoyed the bottle forms they used with their double strap handles that lead from the shoulder of the forms to the one central spout. (see figures 1 and 2). This style of vessel seems to continue throughout the centuries. Three other cultures in north coast valleys contributed their pottery style to the over all Cusisnique style that was evolving into the Mochica style. These people were the Gallinazo, Recuay, and Vic?s. The Gallinazo constructed double chamber vessels with whistle spouts and a type of decoration called negative decoration where they painted their simple designs on after the pieces were fired. The Recuay also had double chamber vessels but these had one functioning spout and one sculpted, usually an animal or figure. They also used negative decoration but theirs were much more elaborate designs than the Gallinazo vessels. The Vic?s lived in the highlands on the Ecuadorian border. They made very sculptural vessels with a stirrup handle and central spout. (see figures 3, 4, and 5) Although a hand full of Vic?s artifacts have been found, not much is known about these people, but one can see a visible connection between all of these different cultures and the Mochica style that evolved out of them. The Mochica civilization flourished for nearly 1000 years and as time passed slight changes in the style could be seen and are chronologically separated into Mochica I-V. The first two are formative phases with lots of experimentation. The third concentrated on a distinctive art style, which continued through the forth and gradually declined in the fifth. They expressed many aspects of their culture and daily life in their ceramics. Things like warriors, runners (people who run bags of beans were important to the ceremonial life), portraits, religion, gods, and animals were shown on vessels. Mochica I was a strong continuation of the late Cupisnique sculptural style. The forms are compact with little suggestion of action, and details are often rendered in incised lines. Faces are generalized, but individual personages are differentiated by costume and accessories, and by distinctive physical traits. The style was not very elaborate. Some slip painting was done and the simple designs were sometimes accented by incised lines. The designs are similar to those of the Salinar, but they sometimes used the geometric designs of the Recuay. In Mochica II they mastered the art of slip decoration and oxidation firing. The ornamentation

Childhood Obesity in America Essay Example

Childhood Obesity in America Essay Example Childhood Obesity in America Essay Childhood Obesity in America Essay Ahhh there is nil better than waking up at midday to the odor of some freshly cooked bacon and a heaping heap of blueberry battercakes. Mom makes them fresh every weekend forenoon. Normally the bacon and battercakes don’t rather do the fast one so the larder is raided following. At the top of the larder next to the household size bag of Doritos. which will most likely be consumed subsequently in the dark. lays the hardest determination that will hold to be made all twenty-four hours long. Which one of these sugary cereals shall be devoured this forenoon and make full up the remainder of this already overstuffed belly? Reese’s Puffs. Lucky Charms. Fruit Loops. Fruity Pebbles. Cocoa Puffs or the tasteless Raisin Bran that Mom and Dad prefer. You can decidedly number out the Raisin Bran. Cocoa Puffs it is. After catching the largest bowl that could be found in the house. the Cocoa Puffs are smothered in cocoa sirup to do the already chocolate milk even more chocolaty and d elightful. After every last whiff goes down the hatch it is clip to chug the excess chocolaty milk right from the bowl. Now that the belly is wholly stuffed it is clip for a sleep. A sleep is necessary after a long dark of online gambling on the trade name new Xbox 360 that ma bought last hebdomad. The other participants don’t stand a opportunity after a hebdomad non-stop gambling with a few interruptions here and at that place for the much needed repasts and bathroom interruptions. After the well- merited napping session it is back to the large screen. Merely this clip it is non to play picture games because the carpel tunnel is moving up in the left manus once more. This clip it is to watch the Diners. Drive-ins. and Dives endurance contests on the Food Network. You merely can’t acquire adequate of the nutrient web. But all this talk about nutrient is doing the tummy rumble and it is clip for tiffin. Mom promised that she will take us to the McDonalds that is right down the stre et if the jobs were done. Small brothers are great. After stealing him a whole two dollars. the jobs are done in no clip and a McDonald’s dual one-fourth pounder with excess cheese is all that is on the encephalon. The clerk at the counter asked. Would you like to Supersize that sir? After believing for a 2nd about the elephantine container of french friess and the pail of coke the reply was easy. Yes. Ma’am! But why halt at that place? It is March and all those commercials about the new Shamrock Shake make it about intolerable. After a delightful tiffin the lone thing on the head on this beautiful Saturday afternoon is acquiring back to that large screen Television and playing the trade name new Call of Duty game. While all the other childs are outside running about feigning to hit each other. the existent action is inside this intense videogame. After an draining dark. it is clip to travel to bed with programs for tomorrows twenty-four hours on the head. Obesity is one of the taking preventa ble causes of decease in the United States. The article. Obesity in America: What’s Leading the Epidemic? provinces that about one 1000 people are killed each twenty-four hours from fleshiness. Obesity is measured by BMI or Body Mass Index. This measures how much organic structure fat person has based on their tallness and how much they weigh. The writer. Harvard Men’s Health Watch states that a BMI of 20 five or more qualifies as corpulence and a BMI of 30 or more qualifies as corpulent. About 63 % of Americans are considered fleshy and about 31 % are considered to be corpulent ( Harvard Men’s Health Watch 2012 ) . These Numberss are strikingly big. This article merely focuses on the grownups that are corpulent in the United States and doesn’t focus much on the kids. The kids are what America should truly be focused on because some twenty-four hours they will do up bulk of the population. The most corpulent kid in the universe is Jessica Guade who is seven old ages old and weighs four 100 and eighty two lbs. That is heavier than a bulk of people in the full universe. Every individual twenty-four hours she drinks 10 thousand Calories in Coca-Cola and consumes 15 beefburgers. She can’t even walk and gets around by turn overing. How can a parent make this to their kid? Are they afraid to state no or make they merely non care about their child’s wellness? This is what the American life is making to kids. These Numberss will go on to travel up and we will see more kids like Jessica if nil is done about this epidemic. American life is altering and people are accommodating to new civilization which is doing them concentrate less on their weight and visual aspect. The chief factors that contribute to the fleshiness outburst are the deficiency of exercising. watching manner excessively much telecasting. and eating excessively many nutrients that are high in Calor ies and fat. With the alterations in telecasting and advertisement on telecasting. Americans crave things that they see on Television. When you are watching Television you will see infinite fast nutrient advertizements where they make the nutrient expression so delightful and look like it was prepared in a five star eating house. This is merely one of the many fast ones that advertizers use in order to acquire people to purchase their merchandises. The sad portion is that most of the clip it works. Americans see all of these advertizements on Television and all they want to make is travel out and purchase it. These yearss kids are watching so much telecasting instead than playing outside. Young kids are the chief mark for some advertizers like McDonalds and Burger King. In all of their commercials they show images of kids eating their nutrient and it makes kids want to travel and acquire it. Not merely are at that place a batch of commercials about fast nutrients. but there are commercials about bites and drinks every bit good. Harmonizing to M. Mello in their article. Federal Trade Commission Regulation of Food Advertising to Children: Possibilities for a Reinvigorated Role . a bulk of the nutrient and drink advertizements on telecasting are publicizing things that are unhealthy for the human organic structure to devour ( Mello 2010 ) . The sum of these advertizements is pathetic and harmonizing to this article the FDA has had to get down cutting the dissemination of a batch of them. Not merely are the advertizements on Television a job. but the sum of telecasting that kids watch is an even bigger one. These days’ childs would instead remain indoors and watch Television and play video games instead than traveling outside and playing athleticss like the past coevalss. The picture games of this coevals have made it possible for kids to virtually play any athletics that they want alternatively of traveling outside and physically interrupting a perspiration and playing them. Television has made Americans so much lazier than they used to be. People don’t acquire out of the house about every bit much as they used excessively. Alternatively of traveling out to the ballpark and watching baseball games. they merely go out and purchase large screen telecastings and sit on their butts and watch them. Children loo k up to their parents and will accommodate these sorts of wonts from them. This is a immense ground why kids are going so corpulent in America. The sum of telecasting that childs ticker and how many video games they play has a direct correlativity to the deficiency of exercising in America these yearss. To kids. a videogame or sketch show is much more appealing than running about outside and exerting. Besides. the underdeveloped civilization of America as a whole has added to the deficiency of exercising in Americans. Technology has simplified about every facet of human life. Rather than walking everyplace like our ascendants did. everyone drives. or takes the coach. or does anything that keeps them from utilizing up their energy and interrupting a perspiration. As the parents of kids are making this. their kids adapt to that life style and in bend they end up making the same thing and get down to populate the manner that their parents live. In the old yearss you would see people walking all over the streets. but now that there are automobiles the streets a re merely lined with traffic. As metropoliss are going more civilised and advanced. there are less and less topographic points for people to work out. and for childs to run about and play outdoors. In the article. Contributions of Built Environment to Childhood Obesity by. T. Rahman. R. A. Cushing. and R. J. Jackson. it states that the vicinity the kid lives in has a immense impact on their wellness. For illustration. if there are bike waies and topographic points to play outside and run about. the kid will be more physically active. but if these things aren’t in topographic point. so the kid is more prone to remain indoors and watch telecasting and addition weight as a consequence of that ( Cushing 2011 ) . While watching telecasting they don’t have to acquire up to make anything any longer. Remote controls have changed the universe. You can alter the channel on the telecasting. turn on and off the visible radiations. and reply the phone right from your chair without acquiring up to make anything. The lone thing that people have to acquire up to make is travel and acquire more nutrient from the electric refrigerator. Less and less kids are going involved in sports and exercising. Traveling outside and running about is much less appealing to kids so it used to be. Lack of exercising is a immense contributing factor to fleshiness and kids and something demands to be done about it. Fast nutrient is so easy. quick. and convenient. Most Americans live a life style that is ever on the move and ever busy. It is really easy for them to turn to fast nutrient and catch a speedy repast before they go to work. Not merely is it fast and easy. but there are so many fast nutrient eating houses in the United States. In 1970 McDonalds operated near to one 1000 constitutions ; in 2002 about 35 1000 eating houses were being operated. An estimated two thousand new McDonalds are opened each twelvemonth. That is the route that most Americans choose instead than seeking to sit down and eat a place cooked repast. That goes along with the indolence of Americans. In this article from CBS intelligence Fast Food linked to Child Obesity . it states that Every twenty-four hours. about tierce of U. S. kids aged 4 to 19 eat fast nutrient. which likely battalions on about six excess lbs per kid per twelvemonth and increases the hazard of obesity ( CBSNEWS 2010 ) . Fast nutrient is so much faster and easier than traveling to the food market shop and acquiring all the ingredients needed to cook a nice healthy repast for your household. Alternatively most parents resort to the greasy. salty. and fatty nutrients that fast nutrient constitutions have to offer. Harmonizing to J. Hariss’s article Television Viewing and Unhealthy Diet: Deductions for Children and Media Interventions . Humans possess an unconditioned penchant for sweet. high-fat. and salty nutrients. and a reluctance to seek unfamiliar foods ( Hariss 2011 ) . Although some fast nutrient eating houses offer permutations like how McDonalds offers apples alternatively of Gallic french friess. most people do non take these permutations. Peoples are more concerned about gustatory sensation so wellness and to them. greasy salty nutrients gustatory sensation better than apples. The lone clip that kids would take to eat the healthier pick is when their parents are with them. Harmonizing to M. Stutts in their article. Nutrition Information and Children’s Fast Food Menu Choices . when kids go into fast nutrient eating houses entirely. they will take to eat whatever they want regardless of the fat content. When their parents went with them they influenced them to take the healthier points on the bill of fare ( Stutts 2009 ) . The job with the points on the fast nutrient bill of fare is that they are full of Calories. The recommended Calorie consumption for a 13 twelvemonth old kid that weighs ninety lbs is about 13 100 Calories each twenty-four hours. A McDonlad’s cheeseburger happy repast with a low fat milk as a drink has about seven hundred Calories. That is half of the sum of Calories that is needed in o ne twenty-four hours. On top of that most kids these yearss aren’t exerting at all and all of those Calories turn straight into fat. Fast nutrient in general is so unhealthy for your organic structure and if it was cut out wholly. the figure of corpulent kids would be reduced dramatically. There are so many factors that play into why kids are going so corpulent. but eating excessively many nutrients that are high in Calories and fat is the figure one ground why they are so corpulent. Most people in the universe concern about the manner they look when they look in the mirror. They will make anything to do themselves look skinnier and do themselves look more attractive. Cipher every concerns about what is traveling on inside of their organic structure. Most Americans do non recognize that being overweight or corpulent can hold some serious negative wellness effects on the organic structure. There are so many facets of life that are affected by fleshiness. Your metamorphosis. wellness of your musculuss. castanetss. variety meats. and other parts of your organic structure can be greatly affected when you are at an unhealthy weight. In the article Obesity in America: Large Parts. Large Proportions. the writer negotiations about some of the wellness hazards that are involve d with fleshiness. Some of the wellness hazards are coronary artery disease. bosom onslaughts. high blood force per unit area. shots. diabetes. many signifiers of malignant neoplastic disease. degenerative arthritis. fatty liver. and depression ( Large Portions. Large Proportions 2006 ) . Fleshiness can finally take to a shorter life span from the wellness hazards. It is obvious from this article that there are some major wellness hazards from fleshiness that can impact your organic structure in a really negative manner. It is of import that people take attention of their organic structures so that they can populate happy and healthy life styles. A immense portion of the childhood fleshiness job is that the kids have no thought what they are making to their organic structures by non exerting and holding unhealthy diets. The writer of this paper had the chance to educate kids on the proper nutrition and recommended hours of exercising daily through a service larning undertaking that was completed with the aid of a in-between school from their hometown. Service acquisition is defined as a method of learning and larning that integrates meaningful community service with direction and contemplation to enrich the acquisition experience. learn civic duty. and strengthen comm unities ( What is Service-Learning. 2008 ) . The writer was given the opportunity to beef up the community and inform immature kids about the dangers of fleshiness. The writer did so by making an enlightening booklet that the rule of Rosa Parks Middle School Dr. Donna Redmond Jones enjoyed and agreed to manus out to pupils around the school. The booklets were besides made available in the wellness room where pupils can merely come in and pick one up. In finishing the service larning undertaking. the writer was able to derive a batch of cognition on fleshiness. more significantly the wellness hazards and ways to forestall them. The writer besides gained the fulfilment that he had informed immature pupils about these hazards and was able to profit the community. The service undertaking was finally successful because the writer was able to re-teach the cognition that he had gained from research to the kids that the research was approximately. The information that has been provided in this paper demonstrates how a deficiency of exercising. watching excessively much telecasting. and eating excessively many nutrients high in Calories and fat. has lead to the fleshiness epidemic that is in America today. The figure of corpulent kids in American is an absurd figure. Children in America these yearss don’t worry about their image and their weight every bit much as they used to. All they are disquieted about is what Television show they are traveling to watch next. what video game they are traveling to play. and what type of fast nutrient they are traveling to eat today. The thought of traveling outside and exerting neer crosses their head. If parents gave their kids a small motive to acquire involved in athleticss and exerting. the figure of corpulent kids in America would diminish well. Parents don’t motivate their childs because they are making the same exact thing as them. Not merely are at that place a batch of corpulent kids in America. but there are an unbelievable sum of corpulent grownups every bit good. Childs are prone to larn from what their parents do and inherit the bad wonts that they have. So therefor if a parent is eating fatty nutrients and sitting around watching Television all twenty-four hours. their kids will make the same thing. There are so many wellness hazards that can come from fleshiness that you would believe people would be more disquieted about it. Make people non pay attending to the warnings and wellness hazards? Do they non truly care about the manner they look and the negative effects that it can hold on the organic structure? The prevalence of engineering in America has changed the universe greatly. It has made things so much easier. but in bend it has made Americans so much lazier. Everything can be done from a place on the sofa without holding to acquire up at all. Watching excessively much telecasting. deficiency of exercising. and eating excessively many nutrients that are high in Calories and fat are the three biggest factors that play into the sum of corpulent kids these yearss. but there are a ton of factors that play into why Americans are so fleshy. Something demands to be done about this epidemic before we see more serious side effects from fleshiness. Mentions La Merrill. M. . A ; Birnbaum. L. S. ( 2011 ) . Childhood Obesity and Environmental Chemicals. Mount Sinai Journal Of Medicine. 78 ( 1 ) . 22-48. doi:10. 1002/msj. 20229 Anzman. S. L. . Rollins. B. Y. . A ; Birch. L. L. ( 2010 ) . Parental influence on children’s early feeding environments and fleshiness hazard: deductions for bar. International Journal Of Obesity. 34 ( 7 ) . 1116-1124. doi:10. 1038/ijo. 2010. 43 Harris. J. L. . A ; Bargh. J. A. ( 2009 ) . Television Viewing and Unhealthy Diet: Deductions for Children and Media Interventions. Health Communication. 24 ( 7 ) . 660-673. doi:10. 1080/10410230903242267 Rahman. T. . Cushing. R. A. . A ; Jackson. R. J. ( 2011 ) . Contributions of Built Environment to Childhood Obesity. Mount Sinai Journal Of Medicine. 78 ( 1 ) . 49-57. doi:10. 1002/msj. 20235 Stutts. M. . Zank. G. M. . Smith. K. H. . A ; Williams. S. A. ( 2011 ) . Nutrition Information and Children’s Fast Food Menu Choices. Journal Of Consumer Affairs. 45 ( 1 ) . 52-86. doi:10. 1111/j. 1745-6606. 2010. 01192. ten Mello. M. M. ( 2010 ) . Federal Trade Commission Regulation of Food Advertising to Children: Possibilities for a Fresh Role. Journal Of Health Politics. Policy A ; Law. 35 ( 2 ) . 227- 276. doi:10. 1215/03616878-2009-051 Fleshiness in America: What’s driving the epidemic? . ( 2012 ) . Harvard Men’s Health Watch. 16 ( 7 ) . 5-7. Anderson. S. E. . A ; Whitaker. R. C. ( 2010 ) . Household Routines and Obesity in US Preschool-Aged Children. Pediatrics. 125 ( 3 ) . 420-428. doi:10. 1542/peds. 2009-0417 Fleshiness in America: big parts. big proportions. ( 2006 ) . Harvard Men’s Health Watch. 10 ( 6 ) . 1-5. Fast Food Linked to Child Obesity. ( 2009 ) The Associated Press. CBS News.

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Summary - Assignment Example Resultantly, the author concluded that the ICT can be incorporated in the Etsako to optimize profits and to increase business efficiency. Three recommendations were proposed in this study. First, hospitality stakeholders should create awareness on the need for organizations to deploy ICT in their operations as a strategy to achieve effectiveness. Also, Hospitality organizations need to equip their employees with ICT skills through the launch of effective training programs. Finally, the ICT related workshops and seminars should be organized for hospitality proprietors and managers to get them acquainted with the significance of ICT in hospital operations. Dana (2013) conducted a statistical research with the primary objective of establishing the role of information technology in the hospitality industry. His research focused on the grouping manner of hotels in Mures County according to the use of ICT technology and the typological analysis of hotels in line with the IT. Interviews were conducted to collect data for the purpose of the research. The following hypotheses were generated and tested for the purpose of this research: After testing the research analysis, all the hypotheses of the study were reaffirmed. The main conclusion of the research was that in Mures County, the hotel industry has integrated little IT technology within their business framework. For those organizations that have incorporated ICT in the business framework, it is clear that this technology goes way far in contributing to the organizational profits. In this view, the author recommends that the hotel managers integrate IT into their business framework. For large organizations, Dana suggests that they adopt the use of professional software to improve their data management system. Lastly, the research recommends that more information technology awareness be created to facilitate its integration in the hospitality industry as a strategy to optimize organizational